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Energy Technologies Area (ETA) researchers are continually building on the strong scientific foundation we have developed over the past 50 years. We address the world’s most pressing scientific challenges across the buildings, transportation, and industrial sectors. ETA is at the forefront of improving the country's aging electrical grid and innovating distributed energy and storage solutions; developing grid-integrated building systems; and providing the most comprehensive market and data analysis worldwide.
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About Us +
The Energy Technologies Area (ETA) is unique in translating fundamental scientific discoveries into scalable technology adoption. Our approach combines an understanding of the marketplace and the role of state and federal regulation and policies. ETA's research drives real-world, practical results that affect and improve the everyday lives of Americans and those across the globe. Saving energy and increasing reliability are key to the foundation of our research, which is driven by techno-economic analysis and in-lab experimentation and discovery.

Publications: Data Centers

Publications by Research Area

Demand Response

Energy Markets & Planning

Energy Efficiency

Industrial Energy Analysis

Systems and Energy Technologies Analysis

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Building & Industrial Energy Systems (BIES)

Energy Analysis (EA)

Energy Technologies & Systems (ETS)

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2026

Smith, Sarah Josephine, Alex Hubbard, Alexander Newkirk, Mohan Ganeshalingam, Billie Holecek, Dale A Sartor, Michael Mills, and Arman Shehabi."United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update." (2026).

Grahovac, Milica, Sarah Josephine Smith, Alexander Newkirk, Evan Neill, Zheng He, and Vlada Dementyeva."Shape Maker: Data Center and Industrial Electrical Load Shape Generator." (2026). DOI

2025

Smith, Sarah Josephine, and Natalie Mims Frick."DOE Energy Innovator Fellows Informational Webinar: Data Centers." (2025).

Lei, Nuoa, Jun Lu, Arman Shehabi, and Eric R Masanet."The water use of data center workloads: A review and assessment of key determinants."Resources, Conservation and Recycling 219 (2025) 108310. DOI

Kirchstetter, Thomas W, Sarah Josephine Smith, Arman Shehabi, and Dale A Sartor."DOE Data Center Load Flexibility Workshop Summary." (2025).

2024

Shehabi, Arman, Sarah Josephine Smith, Alex Hubbard, Alexander Newkirk, Nuoa Lei, Md AbuBakar Siddik, Billie Holecek, Jonathan G Koomey, Eric R Masanet, and Dale A Sartor."2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report." (2024). DOI

2023

Grahovac, Milica, Paul Ehrlich, Jianjun Hu, and Michael Wetter."Model-based data center cooling controls comparative co-design."Science and Technology for the Built Environment (2023). DOI

2022

Grahovac, Milica, Paul Ehrlich, Jianjun Hu, and Michael Wetter."Data Center Chiller Plant: Simulation-based Comparative Control Design Case Study."Proceedings of the 2022 Building Performance Analysis Conference and SimBuild 10 (2022). DOI

2021

Siddik, Md AbuBakar, Arman Shehabi, and Landon Marston."The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States."Environmental Research Letters 16 (2021). DOI

Sun, Kaiyu, Na Luo, Xuan Luo, and Tianzhen Hong."Prototype energy models for data centers."Energy and Buildings 231 (2021) 110603. DOI

2020

Masanet, Eric R, Arman Shehabi, Nuoa Lei, Sarah Josephine Smith, and Jonathan G Koomey."Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates."Science 367.6481 (2020) 984 - 986. DOI

2019

Fuchs, Heidi, Arman Shehabi, Mohan Ganeshalingam, Louis-Benoit Desroches, Brian Lim, Kurt Roth, and Allen Tsao."Comparing datasets of volume servers to illuminate their energy use in data centers."Energy Efficiency 13 (2019) 379-392. DOI

2018

Shehabi, Arman, Sarah Josephine Smith, Eric R Masanet, and Jonathan G Koomey."Data center growth in the United States: decoupling the demand for services from electricity use."Environmental Research Letters 13.12 (2018) 124030. DOI

2017

Ganeshalingam, Mohan, Arman Shehabi, and Louis-Benoit Desroches."Shining a Light on Small Data Centers in the U.S.." (2017).

2016

Shehabi, Arman, Sarah Josephine Smith, Dale A Sartor, Richard E Brown, Magnus Herrlin, Jonathan G Koomey, Eric R Masanet, Nathaniel Horner, Inês Lima Azevedo, and William Lintner."United States Data Center Energy Usage Report." (2016).

Ganguly, Suprotim, Sanyukta Raje, Satish Kumar, Dale A Sartor, and Steve E Greenberg."Accelerating Energy Efficiency in Indian Data Centers: Final Report for Phase I Activities." (2016).

Herrlin, Magnus, and Randall C Cole."Air Management in Small Data Centers." (2016).

2015

Raje, Sanyukta, Hermant Maan, Suprotim Ganguly, Tanvin Singh, Nisha Jayaram, Girish Ghatikar, Steve E Greenberg, Satish Kumar, and Dale A Sartor."Data Center Energy Efficiency Standards in India: Preliminary Findings from Global Practices."e-Energy Conference (2015).

2013

Coles, Henry C, Steve E Greenberg, and William F Tschudi."Demonstration of Data Center Energy Use Prediction Software." (2013).

2012

Coles, Henry C, and Steve E Greenberg."Data Center Economizer Cooling with Tower Water; Demonstration of a Dual Heat Exchanger Rack Cooling Device." (2012).

Ganti, Venkata, and Girish Ghatikar."Smart Grid as a Driver for Energy-Intensive Industries: A Data Center Case Study."Grid-Interop 2012 (2012).

Radhakrishnan, Ben D."Data Center IT Equipment Energy Assessment Tools , Current State of Commercial Tools, Proposal for a Future Set of Assessment Tools." (2012).

Mahdavi, Roozbeh, and William F Tschudi."Wireless Sensor Network for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Data Centers." (2012).

Ghatikar, Girish, Venkata Ganti, Nance Matson, and Mary Ann Piette."Demand Response Opportunities and Enabling Technologies for Data Centers: Findings From Field Studies." (2012).

2011

Masanet, Eric R, Richard E Brown, Arman Shehabi, Jonathan G Koomey, and Bruce Nordman."Estimating the Energy Use and Efficiency Potential of U.S. Data Centers." (2011).