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    Energy Technologies Area (ETA) researchers are continually building on the strong scientific foundation we have developed over the past 50 years. We address the world’s most pressing scientific challenges across the buildings, transportation, and industrial sectors. ETA is at the forefront of improving the country's aging electrical grid and innovating distributed energy and storage solutions; developing grid-integrated building systems; and providing the most comprehensive market and data analysis worldwide.

    • Securing U.S. Critical Minerals & Materials Supply Chain
    • Driving Energy Innovation in Data Centers
    • Ensuring a Reliable & Secure Grid
    • Energy Storage
    • Advancing Water-Energy Systems
    • Innovation Economy
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    The Energy Technologies Area (ETA) is unique in translating fundamental scientific discoveries into scalable technology adoption. Our approach combines an understanding of the marketplace and the role of state and federal regulation and policies. ETA's research drives real-world, practical results that affect and improve the everyday lives of Americans and those across the globe. Saving energy and increasing reliability are key to the foundation of our research, which is driven by techno-economic analysis and in-lab experimentation and discovery.

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      • Building & Industrial Energy Systems
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Publications

Publications by Research Area

Buildings
Demand Response
Energy Markets & Planning
Energy Efficiency
Energy Storage
Industrial Energy Analysis
Systems and Energy Technologies Analysis
Transportation

Publications by Division

Building & Industrial Energy Systems (BIES)
Energy Analysis (EA)
Energy Technologies & Systems (ETS)
X Author: Nuoa Lei

2025

Lei, Nuoa, Jun Lu, Arman Shehabi, and Eric R Masanet."The water use of data center workloads: A review and assessment of key determinants."Resources, Conservation and Recycling 219 (2025) 108310. DOI

2024

Shehabi, Arman, Sarah Josephine Smith, Alex Hubbard, Alexander Newkirk, Nuoa Lei, Md AbuBakar Siddik, Billie Holecek, Jonathan G Koomey, Eric R Masanet, and Dale A Sartor."2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report." (2024). DOI

2020

Masanet, Eric R, Arman Shehabi, Nuoa Lei, Sarah Josephine Smith, and Jonathan G Koomey."Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates."Science 367.6481 (2020) 984 - 986. DOI

2019

Masanet, Eric R, Arman Shehabi, Nuoa Lei, Harald Vranken, Jonathan G Koomey, and Jens Malmodin."Implausible projections overestimate near-term Bitcoin CO2 emissions." (2019). DOI
©2026 Energy Technologies Area, Berkeley Lab

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